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Combustion of Wood by Pyrolysis: A Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
1-7
Received:
21 November 2018
Accepted:
17 January 2019
Published:
31 January 2019
Abstract: Smoke is produced when wood or other organic matter burns in the presence or absence of air. The smoke from the burning of wood is composed of a mixture of gases and fine particles called particulate matter. The main gaseous pollutants in wood-smoke, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, add to the atmospheric levels of these regulated gases coming from other combustion sources and thus have always been regulated alike with them. As the gases are indistinguishable no matter where they come from, there is urgent need to examine their particular health implications in wood-smoke. Pyrolysis is the thermo-chemical decomposition of biomass, either in total absence or limited supply of oxidizing agent that does not permit gasification. In other words, it allows the conversion of a biomass sample through the agency of thermal energy alone. Various researchers have worked on the usage of pyrolysis to determine the chemical constituent of wood-smoke and its effect on the Atmosphere as well as Human health. From their findings, It was discovered that wood burning occurs mostly in the absence of air or in the presence of insufficient air and this emits various harmful gases to the atmosphere, it also affects human health causing Lung disorders, Eye defects, Heart disorders, e.t.c. Sensitization of the effects of wood-smoke and an alternative to this type of fuel which is Biofuel should be undertaken as projects by various governments as well as International Communities.
Abstract: Smoke is produced when wood or other organic matter burns in the presence or absence of air. The smoke from the burning of wood is composed of a mixture of gases and fine particles called particulate matter. The main gaseous pollutants in wood-smoke, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, add to the atmospheric levels of these regulated gases...
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Anaerobic and Aerobic Growth of Bacillus Licheniformis in Gasoline Contaminated Soil of Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (Fiiro), Lagos, Nigeria
Omotere Igbahan Odola,
Chiedu Owabor,
Motunrayo Nofiat Odola
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
8-12
Received:
25 November 2018
Accepted:
14 January 2019
Published:
31 January 2019
Abstract: Studies on the anaerobic and aerobic growth of Bacillus licheniformis bacteria show that the same growth factor suffice for both aerobic and anaerobic growth, thus supporting [13, 22] formulation of photosynthesis and carbon assimilation in these forms, and his thesis that the previously observed need for peptone or yeast extract could be attributed to their content of essential growth factors. A bottle technique for anaerobic cultures and a flask technique for aerobic cultures are described in detail. Photosynthesis in Bacillus licheniformis bacteria is best observed when they are grown anaerobic. The experiments described here indicate that although the culture media had to be modified to conform to certain special requirement imposed by anaerobic growth, the required growth factors remained the same. The Bacillus licheniformis bacteria display the same growth pattern in both aerobic and anaerobic condition in ethylene substrate but there was slight change of its growth pattern in both aerobic and anaerobic condition for xylene and benzene substrate which are aromatic compounds. This study shows higher growth of Bacillus licheniformis bacteria in aerobic condition than anaerobic condition. The Bacillus licheniformis bacteria had the highest bacterial population of 1.66x107 CFU/g in ethylene substrate for week four in this experiment. The findings suggest that Bacillus licheniformis bacteria is most adapted to conditions present in soils contaminated with gasoline and hence can be exploited in bioremediation activities [18].
Abstract: Studies on the anaerobic and aerobic growth of Bacillus licheniformis bacteria show that the same growth factor suffice for both aerobic and anaerobic growth, thus supporting [13, 22] formulation of photosynthesis and carbon assimilation in these forms, and his thesis that the previously observed need for peptone or yeast extract could be attribute...
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Human CO2 Emissions Have Little Effect on Atmospheric CO2
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019
Pages:
13-26
Received:
13 May 2019
Accepted:
12 June 2019
Published:
4 July 2019
Abstract: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) agrees human CO2 is only 5 percent and natural CO2 is 95 percent of the CO2 inflow into the atmosphere. The ratio of human to natural CO2 in the atmosphere must equal the ratio of the inflows. Yet IPCC claims human CO2 has caused all the rise in atmospheric CO2 above 280 ppm, which is now 130 ppm or 32 percent of today’s atmospheric CO2. To cause the human 5 percent to become 32 percent in the atmosphere, the IPCC model treats human and natural CO2 differently, which is impossible because the molecules are identical. IPCC’s Bern model artificially traps human CO2 in the atmosphere while it lets natural CO2 flow freely out of the atmosphere. By contrast, a simple Physics Model treats all CO2 molecules the same, as it should, and shows how CO2 flows through the atmosphere and produces a balance level where outflow equals inflow. Thereafter, if inflow is constant, level remains constant. The Physics Model has only one hypothesis, that outflow is proportional to level. The Physics Model exactly replicates the 14C data from 1970 to 2014 with only two physical parameters: balance level and e-time. The 14C data trace how CO2 flows out of the atmosphere. The Physics Model shows the 14 CO2 e-time is a constant 16.5 years. Other data show e-time for 12CO2 is about 4 to 5 years. IPCC claims human CO2 reduces ocean buffer capacity. But that would increase e-time. The constant e-time proves IPCC’s claim is false. IPCC argues that the human-caused reduction of 14C and 13C in the atmosphere prove human CO2 causes all the increase in atmospheric CO2. However, numbers show these isotope data support the Physics Model and reject the IPCC model. The Physics Model shows how inflows of human and natural CO2 into the atmosphere set balance levels proportional to their inflows. Each balance level remains constant if its inflow remains constant. Continued constant CO2 emissions do not add more CO2 to the atmosphere. No CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere. Present human CO2 inflow produces a balance level of about 18 ppm. Present natural CO2 inflow produces a balance level of about 392 ppm. Human CO2 is insignificant to the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Increased natural CO2 inflow has increased the level of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Abstract: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) agrees human CO2 is only 5 percent and natural CO2 is 95 percent of the CO2 inflow into the atmosphere. The ratio of human to natural CO2 in the atmosphere must equal the ratio of the inflows. Yet IPCC claims human CO2 has caused all the rise in atmospheric CO2 above 280 ppm, which...
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